Abstract
The essence of this research paper is to partly accomplish the previous research recommendation by Adam, Conceptualization of Lack of Discipline and Probity as the main Cause towards Good Governance Practice. The main objective of this research was to practically and scientifically analyze findings in mixed methods mode in triangulation and convergent parallel design for scientific and descriptive analysis using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The aim is to provide research data analysis structures using Structural Equation Modeling to examine the relationship among variables, namely good governance, discipline, and probity. To ascertain the significance of reliability of the variables for this research, the following hypothesis has been developed to be tested. These are: H1: There is significant relationship between Discipline and Good Governance, H2: There is significant relationship between Discipline and Probity, H3: There is significant relationship between Probity and Good Governance, and H4: Probity mediates the relationship between Discipline and Good Governance. The research population and sample size were 187 and 126 respectively using Krejcie and Morgan 1970 formula. It tests the relationships between these variables and concludes on the mediation analysis. This research confirmed the following research findings: First, there is no relationship between Discipline and Good Governance. Secondly, there is relationship between Discipline and Probity. Thirdly, there is relationship between Probity and Good Governance. Fourthly, Probity partially mediates the relationship between Discipline and Good Governance. And fifthly, good governance practice does not totally inure benefits to the citizens of Ghana qualitatively. There was partial mediation of the path model of the variables tested. The total population was 187 and the sample size calculated was 126. Qualitatively, the participants indicated that unemployment is the most important problem that government should address permanently. This was followed by corruption as second most important problem that government must curb amicably.
References
- Adam AK. Conceptualisation of lack of discipline and probity as the main cause towards good governance practice. International Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research. 2019 Jan 1. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.74.2019.61.12.22
- Alam Siddiquee N. Public management reform in Malaysia: Recent initiatives and experiences. International Journal of Public Sector Management. 2006 Jun 1;19(4):339-58. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550610669185
- Khalid M, Alam MM, Said J. Empirical assessment of good governance in the public sector of Malaysia. Maizatul, AK, Alam, MM, and Said, J. 2016:289-304. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/84ewh
- Oktari V, Zirman Z. The role of good governance mediation in the relationship of management efficiency and accountability. New Applied Studies in Management, Economics & Accounting. 2022 Mar 1;5(1):16-33. https://doi.org/10.22034/nasmea.2022.176186
- Rahayu S, Yudi, Sofyan, Rahayu, Jumaili S. Enhancing good governance and fraud prevention for school performance. Cogent Business & Management. 2025 Dec 12;12(1):2534097. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2534097
- Al-Faryan MA. Agency theory, corporate governance and corruption: an integrative literature review approach. Cogent Social Sciences. 2024 Dec 31;10(1):2337893. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2337893
- Bogyay K. Culture: key to sustainable development. Closing speech by H.E. Ms Katalin Bogyay, President of the General Conference. The Hangzhou International Congress; 2013 May 14-17; Hangzhou, China. UNESCO; 2013. Retrieved from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000221040
- Al-Faryan MA. Agency theory, corporate governance and corruption: an integrative literature review approach. Cogent Social Sciences. 2024 Dec 31;10(1):2337893. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2337893
- Wawrosz P. How corruption is and should be investigated by economic theory. Economies. 2022 Dec 18;10(12):326. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10120326
- Feldman MS, Khademian AM. Principles for public management practice: From dichotomies to interdependence. Governance. 2001 Jul;14(3):339-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/0952-1895.00164
- Demiraj R, Demiraj E, Dsouza S. The Moderating Role of Worldwide Governance Indicators on ESG–Firm Performance Relationship: Evidence from Europe. Journal of Risk and Financial Management. 2025 Apr 14;18(4):213. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18040213
- Pillay SS, Kikasu ET. Servant leadership style: a key to effective good governance and sustainable public service delivery in Africa. Open Journal of Political Science. 2024 Jan 18;14(1):52-80. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojps.2024.141004
- Radojičić ZV, Vučetić D. Profesionalizacija javne uprave v Srbiji. Kriminalističko-policijski univerzitet; 2021.
- Anđelković J. Good governance in public administration. BizInfo Blace. 2023 Dec 29;14(2):121-6. https://doi.org/10.5937/bizinfo2302121A
- Alfred KJ. Determinants of Employees’ Violation of Disciplinary Rules in Public Sectors in Tanzania: A Case of National Insurance Corporation (NIC) Tanzania Limited (Doctoral dissertation, The Open University of Tanzania). Retrieved from: http://repository.out.ac.tz/1021/
- Skinner BF. Science and human behavior. Simon and Schuster; 1965.
- Curwin RL, Mendler AN. " Discipline with dignity": Beyond obedience. The Education Digest. 1997 Dec 1;63(4):11.
- Canter L. Assertive discipline: positive behavior management for today's classroom.. Los Angeles, CA: Canter & Associates.
- Dreikurs R, Cassel P, Kehoe D. Discipline without tears. (No Title). 1974.
- Kounin J. Discipline and group management. Nova Iorque: RE Krieger Publishing. 1977.
- Jones GR. Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers' adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management journal. 1986 Jun 1;29(2):262-79. https://doi.org/10.5465/256188
- Gordon T. Teacher effectiveness training. New York: Peter H. Wyden.
- Whitton H. Implementing effective ethics standards in government and the civil service. Transparency International. 2001 Feb;2:2001.
- Lehtinen A. The welfare consequences of strategic behaviour under approval and plurality voting. European Journal of Political Economy. 2008 Sep 1;24(3):688-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.03.002
- Barton JJ, Press DZ, Keenan JP, O’Connor M. Lesions of the fusiform face area impair perception of facial configuration in prosopagnosia. Neurology. 2002 Jan 8;58(1):71-8. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.58.1.71
- Graddy E, Wang L. Community foundation development and social capital. Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly. 2009 Jun;38(3):392-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764008318609
- Klijn EH, Edelenbos J, Steijn B. Trust in governance networks: Its impacts on outcomes. Administration & society. 2010 Apr;42(2):193-221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399710362716
- Waheduzzaman, Mphande CH. Gaps in pursuing participatory good governance: Bangladesh context. Administration & Society. 2014 Jan;46(1):37-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399712451891
- Stivers C. The ontology of public space: Grounding governance in social reality. American behavioral scientist. 2009 Mar;52(7):1095-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764208327677
- Institute of Internal Auditors–Australia. Factsheet – Procurement Integrity (Probity) [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2024 Dec 30]. Retrieved from: https://www.iia.org.au/member-resources/factsheets/factsheet-procurement-integrity
- Ramdany WY, Suharman H, Kandi PS. Effectiveness of Internal Control, Good Governance and Accounting Information Quality on Budgetary Discipline. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law. 2017 Apr;1(1).
- Egbide BC, Agbude G. Good budgeting and good governance: A comparative discourse. Available at SSRN 2478725. 2014 Aug 11.
- Assembly UG. United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. Un Wash. 2007 Oct 2;12:1-8.
- Kaufmann D, Kraay A. Governance and growth: causality which way? Evidence for the world, in brief. World Bank, February. 2003 Feb.
- Dethier JJ. World Bank policy research: a historical overview. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. 2009 Jul 1(5000).
- Williams DG. Governance and the discipline of development. The European Journal of Development Research. 1996 Dec 1;8(2):157-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/09578819608426670
- Barnard A, Schurink W, De Beer M. A conceptual framework of integrity: empirical research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology. 2008 Jan 1;34(2):40-9.
- McDevitt J, Posick C, Zschoche R, Rosenbaum DP, Buslik M, Fridell L. Police integrity, responsibility, and discipline. National Police Research Platform. 2011 Feb 1.
- CGS (2015), The Army Leadership Code- An Introductory Guide, First Edition, UK
- Igboyi LS, Nweze AU, Enekwe CI, Nze D. Effect of probity and accountability on the development in Nigeria. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting. 2016;7(18):1-3.
- Said AB, Shahzad MK, Zamai E, Hubac S, Tollenaere M. Towards proactive maintenance actions scheduling in the Semiconductor Industry (SI) using Bayesian approach. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2016 Jan 1;49(12):544-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.07.692
- Kaufmann D. Myths and realities of governance and corruption. Available at SSRN 829244. 2005 Nov.
- Kragbe DG. The Impact of Fiscal Probity on Public Financial Management in Liberia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
- Sharma RN, Kumar SB. C&AG of India: An instrument to enhance accountability, probity and good governance. Indian Journal of Public Administration. 2018 Sep;64(3):454-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019556118780111
- Olynyk M. Probity, ethics and good governance in the public sector. Maddocks. 2014 Dec 8. Retrieved from: https://www.maddocks.com.au/insights/probity-ethics-good-governance-public-sector
- Sauro J. MeasuringU: 5 types of qualitative methods. MeasuringU. 2015 Oct 13. Retrieved from: https://measuringu.com/qual-methods/
- Graziano AM, Raulin ML. Research methods: A process of inquiry. HarperCollins College Publishers; 1993.
- Denzin NK. The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. Routledge; 2017 Jul 12. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315134543
- Hair JF, Money AH, Samouel P, Page M. Research methods for business. Education+ Training. 2007 Jun 5;49(4):336-7. https://doi.org/10.1108/et.2007.49.4.336.2
- Gisselquist RM. Developing and evaluating governance indexes: 10 questions. Policy Studies. 2014 Sep 3;35(5):513-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2014.946484
- Trow M. Comment on “participant observation and interviewing: A comparison”. Human organization. 1957 Sep 1;16(3):33-5. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.16.3.cx277m417x00w647
- Brewer J, Hunter A. Multimethod research: A synthesis of styles. Sage Publications, Inc; 1989.
- Bryman A. Quantity and quality in social research. Routledge; 2003 Sep 1. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203410028
- Datta LE. Paradigm wars: A basis for peaceful coexistence and beyond. New directions for program evaluation. 1994 Mar;1994(61):53-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.1668
- Greene JC, Caracelli VJ, Graham WF. Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational evaluation and policy analysis. 1989 Sep;11(3):255-74. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737011003255
- Saunders M, Lewis P, Thornhill A. Research methods for business students. Pearson education; 2009.
- Bans-Akutey A, Tiimub BM. Triangulation in research. Academia Letters. 2021 Aug 31;2(3392):1-7.
- Noble H, Heale R. Triangulation in research, with examples. Evidence-based nursing. 2019 Jul 1;22(3):67-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2019-103145
- Olsen WK, Haralambos M, Holborn M. Triangulation in social research:: qualitative and quantitative methods can really be mixed. InDevelopments in sociology 2004. Causeway Press Ltd.
- Court J., (2001), Assessing and Analysing Governance in India: Evidence from a New Survey, World Governance Survey, “Governance and Development: Sorting Out the Basics”, United Nations University, World Governance Assessment Project Working Paper No. 1
- Ahmad H, Halim H. Determining sample size for research activities: the case of organizational research. Selangor Business Review. 2017 Dec 1:20-34.
- Cooper H, Robinson JC, Patall EA. Does homework improve academic achievement? A synthesis of research, 1987–2003. Review of educational research. 2006 Mar;76(1):1-62. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543076001001
- Creswell JW, Creswell JD. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications; 2017 Dec 12.
- Krank S, Wallbaum H. Lessons from seven sustainability indicator programs in developing countries of Asia. Ecological Indicators. 2011 Sep 1;11(5):1385-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.02.017
- Castro FG, Kellison JG, Boyd SJ, Kopak A. A methodology for conducting integrative mixed methods research and data analyses. Journal of mixed methods research. 2010 Oct;4(4):342-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689810382916
- Jackson S. Research methods and statistics: a critical thinking approach. 4th ed. International ed. Wadsworth Publishing; 2011 Mar 1.
- Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications; 2015 Jan 7.
- Bakker AB, Hakanen JJ, Demerouti E, Xanthopoulou D. Job resources boost work engagement, particularly when job demands are high. Journal of educational psychology. 2007 May;99(2):274. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.274
- Browne MW, Cudeck R, Bollen KA, Long JS. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Testing structural equation models. 1993 Feb 1;154(4):136-62.
- Bentler PM. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin. 1990 Mar;107(2):238.
- Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal. 1999 Jan 1;6(1):1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1986 Dec;51(6):1173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
- Ringle CM, Wende S, Becker J. SmartPLS 4. Bönningstedt: SmartPLS. http s [Internet]. 2024
- Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. routledge; 2013 May 13. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
- Chin WW. The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. InModern methods for business research 1998 Mar 1 (pp. 295-336). Psychology Press.
- Hock M, Ringle CM. Local strategic networks in the software industry: An empirical analysis of the value continuum. International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies. 2010 Jan 1;4(2):132-51. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJKMS.2010.030789
- Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. Using partial least squares path modeling in advertising research: basic concepts and recent issues. InHandbook of research on international advertising 2012 Feb 29. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781001042.00023
- Daskalakis S, Katharaki M, Mantas J. The use of data envelopment analysis to measure the efficiency and interoperability of information technology in Greek public healthcare organisations. Journal on Information Technology in Healthcare. 2008;6(3):188-96.
- James LR, Brett JM. Mediators, moderators, and tests for mediation. Journal of applied psychology. 1984 May;69(2):307. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.69.2.307
- Judd CM, Kenny DA. Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation review. 1981 Oct;5(5):602-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X8100500502












